John McClernand Civil War Union Major General

John Alexander McClernand was born May 30, 1812, near Hardinsburg, KY. Moving to Illinois at a young age, he was educated in local village schools and at home. First pursuing an agricultural career, McClernand later elected to become a lawyer. Largely self-educated, he passed the Illinois bar exam in 1832. Later that year McClernand received his first military training when he served as a private during the Black Hawk War. A devout Democrat, he founded a newspaper, the Shawneetown Democrat, in 1835 and the following year was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives. His initial term lasted only a year, but he returned to Springfield in 1840. An effective politician, McClernand was elected to the US Congress three years later. The Civil War Nears During his time in Washington, McClernand violently opposed the passage of the Wilmot Proviso which would have banned slavery in the territory acquired during the Mexican-American War. An anti-abolitionist and staunch ally of Senator Stephen Douglas, he aided his mentor in passing the Compromise of 1850. Though McClernand left Congress in 1851, he returned in 1859 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Thomas L. Harris. With sectional tensions rising, he became a firm Unionist and worked to advance Douglas cause during the election of 1860. After Abraham Lincoln was elected in November 1860, Southern states began leaving the Union. With the beginning of the Civil War the following April, McClernand commenced efforts to raise a brigade of volunteers for operations against the Confederacy. Eager to maintain a wide base of support for the war, Lincoln appointed the Democratic McClernand a brigadier general of volunteers on May 17, 1861. Early Operations Assigned to the District of Southeast Missouri, McClernand and his men first experienced combat as part of Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grants small army at the Battle of Belmont in November 1861. A bombastic commander and political general, he quickly irritated Grant. As Grants command was expanded, McClernand became a division commander. In this role, he took part in the capture of Fort Henry and Battle of Fort Donelson in February 1862. At the latter engagement, McClernands division held the Union right but failed to anchor its flank on the Cumberland River or another strongpoint. Attacked on February 15, his men were driven back nearly two miles before Union forces stabilized the line. Rescuing the situation, Grant soon counterattacked and prevented the garrison from escaping. Despite his error at Fort Donelson, McClernand received a promotion to major general on March 21. Seeking Independent Command Remaining with Grant, McClernands division came under heavy attack on April 6 at the Battle of Shiloh. Helping to hold the Union line, he took part in the Union counterattack the next day which defeated General P.G.T. Beauregards Army of the Mississippi. A constant critic of Grants actions, McClernand spent much of the middle of 1862 conducting political maneuvering with the goal of either displacing Major General George B. McClellan in the east or obtaining his own command in the west. Obtaining a leave of absence from his division in October, he traveled to Washington to lobby Lincoln directly. Desiring to maintain a Democrat in a senior military position, Lincoln ultimately granted McClernands request and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton gave him permission to raise troops in Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa for an expedition against Vicksburg, MS. A key location on the Mississippi River, Vicksburg was the last obstacle to Union control of the waterway. On the River Though McClernands force initially only reported to Union General-in-Chief Major General Henry W. Halleck, efforts soon commenced to limit the political generals power. This ultimately saw orders issued for him to take command of a new corps to be formed out his current force once he united with Grant who was already operating against Vicksburg. Until McClernand rendezvoused with Grant, he would remain an independent command. Moving down the Mississippi in December he met Major General William T. Shermans corps which was returning north after its defeat at Chickasaw Bayou. The senior general, McClernand added Shermans corps to his own and pressed south aided by Union gunboats led by Rear Admiral David D. Porter. En route, he learned that a Union steamer had been captured by Confederate forces and taken to Arkansas Post (Fort Hindeman) on the Arkansas River. Re-routing the entire expedition on Shermans advice, McClernand ascended the river and landed his troops on January 10. Attackin g the next day, his troops carried the fort in the Battle of Arkansas Post. Issues With Grant This diversion from the effort against Vicksburg greatly angered Grant who saw operations in Arkansas as a distraction. Unaware that Sherman had suggested the attack, he complained loudly to Halleck about McClernand. As a result, orders were issued allowing Grant to take complete control of the Union troops in the area. Uniting his forces, Grant shifted McClernand into command of the newly-formed XIII Corps. Openly resentful of Grant, McClernand spent much of the winter and spring spreading rumors regarding his superiors supposed drinking and behavior. In doing so, he earned the enmity of other senior leaders such as Sherman and Porter who saw him as unfit for corps command. In late April, Grant elected to cut loose from his supply lines and cross the Mississippi south of Vicksburg. Landing at Bruinsburg on April 29, Union forces pressed east towards Jackson, MS. Turning towards Vicksburg, XIII Corps was engaged at the Battle of Champion Hill on May 16. Though a victory, Grant believed that McClernands performance during the battle was lacking as he had failed to press the fight. The next day, XIII Corps attacked and defeated Confederate forces at the Battle of Big Black River Bridge. Beaten, Confederate forces withdrew into the Vicksburg defenses. Pursuing, Grant mounted unsuccessful assaults on the city on May 19. Pausing for three days, he renewed his efforts on May 22. Attacking all along the Vicksburg fortifications, Union troops made little headway. Only on McClernands front was a foothold gained in the 2nd Texas Lunette. When his initial request for reinforcements was declined, he sent Grant a misleading message implying that he had taken two Confederate forts and that another push might win the day. Sending McClernand additional men, Grant reluctantly renewed his efforts elsewhere. When all of the Union efforts failed, Grant blamed Mc Clernand and cited his earlier communications. With the failure of the May 22 assaults, Grant commenced a siege of the city. In the wake of the assaults, McClernand issued a congratulatory message to his men for their efforts. The language used in the message sufficiently angered Sherman and Major General James B. McPherson that they lodged complaints with Grant. The message was also printed in Northern newspapers which was in contravention of War Department policy and Grants own orders. Having been constantly annoyed with McClernands behavior and performance, this breach of protocol gave Grant the leverage to remove the political general. On June 19, McClernand was officially relieved and command of XIII Corps passed to Major General Edward O. C. Ord. Later Career Life Though Lincoln backed Grants decision, he remained cognizant of the importance of maintaining the support of Illinois War Democrats. As a result, McClernand was restored to command of the XIII Corps on February 20, 1864. Serving in the Department of the Gulf, he battled illness and did not take part in the Red River Campaign. Remaining in the Gulf for much of the year, he resigned from the army due to health issues on November 30, 1864. Following the assassination of Lincoln the following year, McClernand played a visible role in the late presidents funeral proceedings. In 1870, he was elected circuit judge of the Sangamon District of Illinois and remained in the post for three years before resuming his law practice. Still prominent in politics, McClernand presided over the 1876 Democratic National Convention. He later died on September 20, 1900, in Springfield, IL and was buried at citys Oak Ridge Cemetery. Selected Sources History of War: John A. McClernandUS Congress: John A. McClernandMr. Lincoln Friends: John A. McClernand

Essay about Emotionally Intelligent Leadership - 1226 Words

More recently, is the work of Daniel Goleman. Goleman defines emotional intelligence as a blend of Gardner’s interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence. Goleman suggests â€Å"softer skills such as empathy, intuition, self and social awareness are what distinguish great leaders and successful companies†. These soft skills are found deep within ourselves and our minds. â€Å"The most primitive part of the brain, shared with all species that have more than a minimal nervous system, is the brainstream surrounding the top of the spinal cord. This root brain regulates basic life functions like breathing and the metabolism of the body’s other organs, as well as controlling stereotyped reactions and movements† (Goleman, 1995). The emotional centers that†¦show more content†¦Goleman suggests that self-awareness (recognizing feelings as they happen) is the key to EI. 2) Managing one’s emotions. This is the ability to handle feelings so that they a re appropriate. 3) Motivating oneself. Containing, ordering and controlling emotions while working toward a goal is critical to stay on track. 4) Recognizing emotions in others. One of the most fundamental people skills is to have empathy, the ability to recognize other’s feelings based on having had similar feelings yourself. 5) And lastly, properly handling relationships. â€Å"People are beginning to realize that success takes more than intellectual excellence or technical prowess†¦ Internal qualities such as resilience, inititative, optimism, and adaptability are taking on a new valuation† (Goleman, 1998). Emotions generate very powerful chemicals that can create positive feelings, such as motivation and enthusiasm, or they can create negative responses, such as offending and even attacking others. When an emotionally charged situation occurs, understanding the process-taking place then and they can help leaders become more objective decision-makers. Although a certain level of cognitive intelligence opens the door for many people, emotional intelligence is critical to becoming a successful leader. Cognitive intelligence has historically been considered a good indicator of future success within our society. A study by Daniel Goleman, an author and psychologist digsShow MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence Of Leaders By Daniel Goleman1322 Words   |  6 Pagesstrengths and weaknesses are. Emotion management is exhibiting good self-control and limiting impulsive reactions. Leaders who allow themselves to be governed by anger, fear, anxiety, and sadness cannot provide effective, confident, authoritative leadership. Goleman references a Stanford University study which showed that children with better impulse control, in this case delaying gratification, outperformed their impulsive counterparts years later on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). MotivatingRead MoreManagement Assignment: Human Intelligence Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesTraditionally organisations have concentrated upon the intelligence of individuals and held the point of view that intelligent people in terms of IQ s ucceeded more. However, these ideas are continually challenged by the idea of emotional intelligence being key indicators of management performance (cited in Khosravi, Manafi, Hojabri, Aghapour and Gheshmi, 2011, pg 3). Emotional intelligence is ones ability to perceive and regulate other people’s emotions (cited in Sadri, 2012, pg 536). In presentRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And The Nurse Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages2012). This ability is known as emotional intelligence and offers the nurse a capacity to assume successful leadership positions. Emotionally intelligent skill building for leadership is now a required competency and encompasses spiritually rich aspects of both nursing and leadership. This paper will discuss useful aspects of emotional intelligence in spiritually rich nursing leadership. Emotional Intelligence There are many definitions of emotional intelligence. Daniel Goleman discussed thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Intelligence On Health Care Professionals1716 Words   |  7 Pagesthe application in nursing practice, my own personal practice, as well as how it has led to my personal growth. Utilizing the leadership role of emotional intelligence allows nurses and other professionals to become vulnerable in their practice in order to build strong connections, relationships, and most importantly, to become more connected with themselves. This leadership role will set us up for success in order to create an environment for optimal functioning, and to achieve the desired therapeuticRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : The Impact Vulnerability Has On Leadership Within Nursing Care1520 Words   |  7 PagesEmotional Intelligence: The Impact Vulnerability Has On Leadership within Nursing Care Empathy is used to describe a wide range of experiences. It is the â€Å"capacity† to share and understand other people’s emotions and another’s â€Å"state of mind†. Empathy is being able to imagine what someone else might be thinking or feeling, while maintaining a state of vulnerability to one’s previous experiences, biases, and emotions. Empathy is a very powerful concept that is often misunderstood, or discountedRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Its Effect On The Job Satisfaction Of Employees Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pageswhich could be due to behaviour or leadership styles. It is inconclusive which of these reasons, if any, are the cause of the positive correlation due to the lack of overwhelming support for any one cause and the biases of the studies. Emotional intelligence was referred to by Mayer and Salovey (1997) as a set of abilities to do with understanding, perceiving, appraising, expressing, and regulating emotion (as cited in Das Ali, 2014). An emotionally intelligent manager can understand and react toRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership1426 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment 1: Emotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Vigilkumar C. Patel BUS520: LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Dr. Eartha Eve Barnett October 29th 2015 â€Å"Emotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership†, one of the most important constructs in leadership today is the concept and application of emotional intelligence (EI). Emotional Intelligence (EQ or EI) is a term created by two researchers named Peter Salavoy and John Mayer who developed it as a psychological theoryRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership1107 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to manage one’s emotions in an intelligent manner such that they do not affect the decision-making process. It is also the ability to understand other people emotions, to know the reason for their behaviors and thus be able to communicate with them (Mayer, 2006). Emotional intelligence involves one’s proficiency in realizing and then being able to behaviors, moods and impulses and thus managingRead MoreEmotional Intelligence, By John Mayer And Peter Salovey1445 Words   |  6 PagesGoleman refers to relationship management as â€Å"inspirational leadership (Goleman, Boyatzis, McKee, 2002).† After studying both the four branch model and Goleman s writings, one of the characteristics of emotional intelligence as I understand it is the ability to manage feelings and handle stress. Instead of those feelings and stress becoming a hindrance, the emotionally intelligent individual knows how to use them. The emotionally intelligent leader makes these traits work for them, not only to betterRead MoreOrganizational Behavior and Leadership Style1329 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Organizational Behavior and Leadership Style Abstract: This paper examines the leadership position I would occupy in the fictional Commerzbank and details the leadership style I would take on as their VP of Development. As VP, I would emphasize a transformational leadership style, as that style would encourage my members of staff and the company at large to evolve to their highest potential. I would also encourage an atmosphere of transparency for the good of the company at large. I would also

Animal Consciousness - Paper free essay sample

Because nonhuman animals lack some mental abilities, we regard them as property, the only moral constraint that we observe on our use of other animals is an obligation not to make them suffer. But who is to say that animals dont have consciousness? Animals not only have consciousness, but some have more consciousness then some of us human beings. Thats why, Cartmill is attempting to try to persuade people, mainly philosophers and scientists, that animals have consciousness. Matt Cartmill strongly supports the idea that animals have consciousness. Sleep is something that we know that makes us consciousness as humans. Most animals dont sleep, but some do. When a human is sleep they are unconscious, but when they wake up they return back to their consciousness. The same should apply to animals. When animals sleep their are also unconscious, but when they wake up they return back to their conscious state of mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Consciousness Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example: when a owner is being attacked by a stranger or killer, not only would a human help, but a non-human, animal, would also help to protect you. Being said, animals have mental lives something like ours. The waking state in animals is something like ours, which includes mental events and awareness of the world. They were trying to say that computer were more in tune with people than animals were. This is not true because there isnt any computer that can ever produce consciousness. Nothing science has ever produced comes near to and the complex sequence of responses that shape our reactions. The processes involved in sleepwalking and hibernating are aspects of consciousness that are obvious. But many philosophers and scientists think otherwise. While some do not want to appear sentimental, others are afraid to accept the possibility of mental and moral states in animals for professional and/or philosophical reasons. Many thinkers have gone further and insisted that because animals cant talk, their mental lives are nonexistent. Also many professionals have been reluctant to grant that animals can have mental lives because they are not good at operating signs. Not to forget, philosophers and scientist dont acknowledge that animals feel pain because they feel like animals dont suffer the same pain like we humans do, maybe thats the reason we could eat them without thinking about the torture they been through in order for us to have them on our plate. Most scientists will admit that our close animals relatives probably have mental lives like ours, but most are too afraid to say it true. This may be true that animals arent physical like humans, but animal brains think somewhat close to humans. Despite the conspicuous differences in sight, feel, and smell between a human body and a dogs, a dog will react the same to both human and its own species the same way if it was happy or sad. When you tell a dog to come here, it comes. Philosophers and scientists believe that animals learn by a human observer, but this is not true because their are many wild animals that learn from each other or themselves. Cartmill also thrown out the Darwanian theory of natural selection, and Occams Razor. Occams Razor which was intended too dent mental events in animals whenever we can, actually is on animal rights side. They argue that it we are going to invoke desires, beliefs, and intentions for our own actions, then we should explain other animals behavior in similar terms whenever we can. Humans and non-humans, animals, both have consciousness whether philosophers or scientists like it or not. With compelling evidence, Cartmill shows that animals have consciousness. People should start to acknowledge that animals have a mind of their own and that no one inflicts them to do so. Philosphers and scientists should give up on all the theories as to why an animal can not think by themselves. With acknowledging animals to have their own mind, this is going to make our world a better place.

Urban Regeneration/renewal

Introduction In this section, we shall define the key terms, urban regeneration/urban renewal and urban development and try to see the correlation between the terms. We shall then briefly look at the town of King’s Lynn.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Regeneration/renewal -Case of United Kingdom specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Urban Regeneration defined The encyclopedia Britannica, defines urban renewal as â€Å"comprehensive scheme to redress a complex of urban problems, including unsanitary, deficient, or obsolete housing; inadequate transportation, sanitation, and other services and facilities; haphazard land use; traffic congestion; and the sociological correlates of urban decay, such as crime.1† Definition of Urban renewal The Webster’s new world dictionary defines regeneration as â€Å"to cause to be completely renewed, or restored or reformed† 2.  Urban regeneration th erefore means, to completely renew, restore or reform an urban area. Urban renewal focuses of infrastructure only while urban renewal is more comprehensive and focuses on practical outputs aimed at improving the economic and social wellbeing of the particular urban population. Urban regeneration therefore goes beyond urban renewal. It aims at addressing issues of poverty, poor housing, and sanitation in slums, crime, unemployment, discrimination, stigma and low quality of life in a particular urban set up. Urban regeneration seeks to minimize these problems if not eliminating them. 3 Urban development Urban development can be defined as the process of controlling land use in urban area including transport networks aimed at bringing orderliness in the urban area. It involves research, strategy formation, implementation and evaluation. Urban Development and Regeneration The two terminologies are closely related and in some cases can be difficult to clearly demarcate the differences, i f any between these concepts4. We can say that urban regeneration is a form of urban development, but urban development can cover a wider scope and goes beyond just regeneration but involves the generation of new things.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Case Study of King’s Lynn Urban Regeneration and Development Strategy Introduction In this case study we shall look at a combined development and regeneration strategy as applied in this seaport town. The strategy is broadly a development strategy but is majorly a regeneration strategy. This is a sea port town in the north of England, 156 km to the north of London and has population of 43,000. It is largely a market town. Main actions in the Urban Regeneration and Development Strategy There are four actions that form the strategy for regeneration of King’s Lynn and they are: Maximum utility of the existing faci lities – this is by creation of a marina at Boal Quay, increment and diversification of activities in the South Quay and reinstating the historical structures with the aim of improving the image of the town. Developing the town center by improving the existing residential structures that are dilapidated and also putting up modern residential buildings to meet the current and future needs of the city. Economic development through job creation; this is by strengthening the town center with the aim of having an increased viability of the entire town and the market shops as this will improve development in the town center. An improved transport system through The King’s Lynn Area Transport and Land Use Strategy (KLATS) which will see the creation improved parking space by use of multi-story buildings for parking which will replace the ground parking that currently exist5. Provisions of better bus transport system, creation of better train system across and around town are some examples of existing urban regeneration. A ferry system will also be established between The West Lynn and King’s Lynn to facilitate transport between the two ends of the city.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Regeneration/renewal -Case of United Kingdom specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Worldwide Urban Development Strategies in New Zealand This section describes the Urban Development strategies as applied in New Zealand. It also presents the aims and objective of the strategies. The Greater Christ church Urban Development Strategy (GCUDS) This strategy aims at creating a paradigm shift from business as usual, an approach to a focused strategic plan aimed at protection of the environment and development of society core values. The themes of this strategy are: Making sure the area remains an attractive place to work in through investment and recreation in order to promote business growth. Ease of accessibility and movement Protection of the environment from potential hazards that would hinder growth. These themes are focused on improved and sustained quality of life for the inhabitants and bettering the economic environment. The Western Bay of Plenty Smart Growth Strategy (2002) This strategy focuses on the need to create a balance between provision of land housing services, commerce, productivity in the rural, community activities and recreation in order to improve accessibility to the needed services and minimize pollution through emissions particularly form vehicles. These Urban Development Strategies are wide and cover a range of outcomes, indicating how urban systems interact, how commercial and housing systems are distributed, how transport systems are developed and managed6. They also focus on environmental protection and management of resources such as water and finally they promote social wellbeing of the local people. These policies were beyond standard models a nd rules that had previously been used in development. Countries that have adopted the UDS approach are capable of meeting the competitive demands arising between cities at national, regional and international level. The essential elements of concern urban regeneration and development strategy Consultation between the implementing agencies and the locals is of essential for the successful implementation of renewal schemes. The local people are mostly excluded either directly or through representative groups. This is not in line with government regulations which require that the local community be voluntarily involved and their interests be taken into account.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly there is need to target the benefits of regeneration to the target people. It is important that the schemes such housing development, job creation and other benefits be reaped by the locals7. Currently there are no elaborate mechanisms to translate the development projects into utility in order to have the benefits downstream to the target people. Thirdly, there is the assumption that physical development translates into urban regeneration or tendency to over depend on physical development as the prime mover of urban renewal. This leads to little or no emphasis on broad dimensions such as social issues like crime, local entrepreneurship. Research has suggested that in United Kingdom, a large percentage of the over ten billion spent on urban regeneration in the 1980s has largely gone to waste due to poor socio-economic infrastructure in the urban thus undermining property investment. If urban renewal through development projects marginalizes certain groups, it can lead to an upsurge in crime as has been experienced in Dublin. In Ireland, the economic development has hardly reached the targeted population resulting in socio-economic imbalances. Bibliography Efere, Prince. Urban Regeneration. London : Trans-Atlantic College, 2004. Hurd, Nixon. Sustainable Economic Development Strategies. New York: Global Urban Development, 2005. Joan, Parpal. Simulation of urban development in the City of Rome. The Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2007.Pg 1010: 87-97. Mats, Karlsson. Urban Development Strategies. Barcelona: Cities Allliance, 2011. Mitlin, John. Study of Urban Renewal Schemes by KPMG. Islandbridge: Combat Poverty Agency,1996. Thompson, Diana. Participatory approaches in Urban Areas. London: International Institute of Environmental Development, 1995. Zaremski, Carol. Differenciation between forms of Urban Developement. New York: HarperCollins 2006. Pg 315. Footnotes 1 Mitlin, John. Study of Urban Renewal Schemes by KPMG. (Islandbridge: Combat Poverty Age ncy, 1996), 120. 2 Zaremski, Carol. Differenciation between forms of Urban Developement. (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), 315. 3 Zaremski, Carol. Differenciation between forms of Urban Developement. (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), 315. 4 Joan, Parpal. Simulation of urban development in the City of Rome. (Washington: The Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2007), 1010: 87-97. 5 Thompson, Diana..Participatory approaches in Urban Areas. (London: International Institute of Environmental Development, 1995), 253. 6 Hurd, Nixon. Sustainable Economic Development Strategies. (New York: Global Urban Development, 2005), 89. 7 Hurd, Nixon. Sustainable Economic Development Strategies. (New York: Global Urban Development, 2005), 89. This essay on Urban Regeneration/renewal -Case of United Kingdom was written and submitted by user Tanner H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Portrait of a Serial Killer Analysis Essay

Portrait of a Serial Killer Analysis Essay Portrait of a Serial Killer Analysis Essay Sample Portrait of a Serial Killer Analysis Essay Sample When one hears about a new serial killer in the neighborhood, the usual stereotype depicts a raging maniac who rapes and tortures young girls. Such a description can characterize a serial killer but only a small percentage. On the average, many murderers are no more insane than any other person. In fact, the serial killer can appear in any form. A well-groomed nurse who poisons her infirm patients to â€Å"play God,† an exhausted mother who smothers her children to stop them from crying, a disturbed man who murders prostitutes to punish them for their sins, a high-maintained prostitute who kills her clients to avenge herself for all the insults and abuses she experienced, a respectable father and a member of the community who slaughters strangers to exert power at least in some sphere of his life (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 410). All these cases can fit into a serial killer profile. It is true that in many cases serial killing is predetermined by sexual lust that is aggravated by a sadistic component (Purcell, 2006). However, it is not always the case. Apart from killing for any kind of pleasure and cases of schizophrenia or â€Å"voices form God†, there are other factors that contribute to the necessity to kill people (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 442). Gaining profit may seem a motif not strong enough for engaging into the frenzy of serial murder. However, there are cases when women killed their husbands to provide themselves with their insurance (Ramsland, 2006, p. 4). The main factor for serial killing is still the desire to dominate. The overwhelming majority of researches prove that serial killers come from dysfunctional households or from families where children were not connected to their primary caretakers. It led to alienation and emotional closeness (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 179). Despite the fact that white males in their late twenties take leading places in Serial Killer Top 100, females also found their way of escaping depression and ennui of their lives in putting other human beings to death. Even young children picked on the trend for serial murder. Schurman-Kauflin wrote about the three cases of school students committing serial killings, all in the late 1990s (2000, p. 22). The fact that in one case an 11-year-old female is the lead suspect in the serial murders of 4 children cannot help but frighten. We come across the horrifying examples of people’s cruelty every day. It is impossible to always screen them off with â€Å"I cannot believe it.† We have to believe it and do something. The society has to address the issue of serial murder. The first step is to learn about the factors that contribute to the development of sadistic and perverse personalities. When we know who can commit it and in what circumstances, then we can resist and combat it. If we do not do it now, they can come and get us later. Our perception is often distorted by fiction and mass media. We are left with a wrong impression about the serial killers’ preys and that it will never involve us and our families. However, not knowing, or not understanding, how the serial killers operate and thinks will make us walk right into their hands. At the moment, there is a wealth of information on the subject. We just need to tap into it and make conclusions. Warned means armed. What Makes a Serial Killer? It is a general knowledge that serial killing involves individual psychopathology. After watching movies about exceptionally weird serial killers people begin to think that only sociopaths or mentally insane people may kill other human beings premeditatevely and repeatedly. However, it is not always the case. Scholars say that antisocial behavior â€Å"reflects a disorder of character or personality rather than of the mind† (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 420). On the whole, serial killers can tell right from wrong and are aware of what they do. They are even capable to control their wild fantasies, however they choose not to (p. 419). Until recently the majority of psychiatrists considered mental insanity to be the primarily cause for multiple murders (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 419). Apart from the movies on extravagant serial killers (Silence of the Lambs, for example) that fed off such an opinion, there were cases when murderers suffered from schizophrenia or imaginary voices that ordered to kill. However, according to Fox and Levin, â€Å"only one in twenty sexually sadistic serial killers studied by Warren, Hazelwood, and Dietz was psychotic† (p. 419). If not mental illness thrn what makes a serial killer? Do they hate people? It is true that sociopaths fit the mold to commit multiple murders. They lack remorse, do not sympathize, and care exclusively for their own pleasures in life. Simply put, they have no conscience (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 420). At the same time, sociopathy in its pure form can rarely be met, even in serial killers. However, serial killers may suffer from â€Å"borderline personality disorder† when a person has fits of bad mood, â€Å"impulsivity, intense anger, chronic feelings of boredom †¦ a profound sense of abandonment and rejection† (p. 420-421). In such a case, people are capable of qualms of conscience and remorse. In order to overcome it, murderers may compartmentalize their victims by applying some criteria to them (Ramsland, 2006, p. 179). For example, they do not feel pangs of guilt towards the strangers and can murder them easily. Another loophole for their conscience can be an expl anation to themselves that their victims â€Å"deserve† the punishment. For instance, prostitutes are filthy and it is their own fault that they fall a prey to sex criminals; vagabond alcoholics became subhuman and therefore, it is not a sin to kill such beingd; gays are seen as AIDS carriers and by eliminating them they make the world a better place (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 423). The myth of the victims â€Å"deserving the punishment† makes serial murderers unable to feel remorse. The fantasy world screens off from them the startling reality. Therefore, it may happen that while on trial the serial killers are subjected to the numerous evidence against their world view. Seeing what the victim’s relatives and friends suffer may prompt the murderer to perceive what he or she had done and repent. That was the case of Milwaukee’s Jeffrey Dahmer who apologized to the families right in the courtroom for murdering, abusing, and cannibalizing his seventeen victims (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 424). Criminologists, psychologists and other related experts continue to look for reasons for such inhuman behavior. Both health issues and environment can influence a person to develop into a maniac (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 448). Among biological factors, Fox and Levin mention the presence of head trauma or frontal lobe epilepsy and the chemical imbalances in the brain (p. 448). Environmental premises may include unsuccessful adoption cases, child abuse, and humiliation or rejection (p. 448). In fact, serial killers, when caught, tend to play the abusive childhood card. Sociopaths are especially good liars because they have enough cold-blooded boldness to lie convincingly. There were cases when serial murderers managed to fool psychiatrists with their tales of child abuse such as the cases of the Hillside Strangler Kenneth Bianchi and the Genesee River Killer Arthur Shawcross (p. 449). The problem with a psychotic serial killer is the following. In order to be named a serial killer, a person should murder no less than four people (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 408). Most psychotic killers are very sloppy, act impulsively and do not pay enough attention to cover the traces. That is the reason they get caught before they kill enough victims to be classified as a serial killer (Brown, 2003, p. 36). The FBI offered the organized/disorganized distinction between multiple murderers. There are serial killers who are well-organized, intelligent, have romantic partners and children, good workers, curious about their crime in mass media, from a fine family; and another type of serial killers who are disorganized, less intelligent, lonely, jobless or an unskilled worker, and do not follow the investigation of their crimes (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 428). Definitely such descriptions are very polarized, and in real life it is difficult to find a killer who ideally fits the profile. Rather the profiles are used â€Å"as a tool to focus on a range of suspects† (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 428). They give clues and provide a direction to search for a suspect. Therefore, it is difficult to foresee whether a person can develop into a serial killer or not. A range of biological and behavioral peculiarities influence it. However, in general it would be wise not to think all serial murderers are insane or they all are evil. Rather they are extremely self-centered, are not thoughtful of consequences, and experienced violent treatment before. Time to Take into Account Startling Rates of Female Serial Killing Edna was a single African American female who was known for a jobless status and her promiscuous sexual relations to pay her rent. Having babies almost every two years for 10 years, Edna miraculously lost them to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome when they were in her care with no other witnesses. With no relatives and no steady job, Edna managed to work on sympathies of the general public and jurors when her case was brought to court even after she admitted to suffocating the fifth child. Edna served 10 years for killing five children (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 184). A typical serial killer profile is a white male in his late twenties or early thirties (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 413). However, there already exists statistical and scholarly information on female multicide (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 3). Despite making only a small percentage of total multiple murders (one eighth of the general number), female serial killing is on the rise. In the last thirty years, there were recorded 26 female serial killers in the United Stated, which is a huge increase from previous years (p. 12). It should not be ignored. Women are rarely thought of as murderers so female serial killers may go unpunished for years making more and more harm. Their seeming innocence is what makes them more dangerous than men. Indeed, there is a difference between male and female killers. If not in the commonalities of the background, which are often similar, such as violence and abuse in childhood, than in methods of committing a crime (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 4). Male perpetrators rarely use firearms preferring to â€Å"take an active part in producing [their victims’] suffering and misery† by stabbing or strangling (Fox Levin, 1998, p. 416). Meanwhile female serial killers typically suffocate or poison because due to average physical abilities they choose their prey among elderly and young who are weaker than them (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 10). Both male and female serial killers choose the weakest as their victims but they look for them in different surroundings. Female multiple murder usually involves elders or children in care, while male serial killing sees easy prey in prostitutes, young women, and homeless alcoholics (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 18). According to recent studies, female serial killers tend to be care-givers (p. 17). They come from traditional families with sex roles defined conventionally so they choose female dominated professions of nurses, teachers, cooks or other types of caketaking (p. 17). However, the idea that women can be premeditate and murder people in their care is still unacceptable to many people. In fact, so strong is people’s disbelief in female serial killers that they often simply refuse to believe that a frail woman can conceive and execute a cold blooded murder, especially a series of them. Deborah Schurman-Kauflin tells the case of the nurse’s aides Gwen Graham and Cathy Wood of Michigan who played the game of spelling â€Å"murder† with the initials of their victims who they smothered to death at a nursing home (p. 13). Even after the women vividly described their crimes to police, â€Å"to this day, many refuse to believe that [they] could commit such atrocious acts† (p. 13). In any case, both male and female serialists share a common characteristic – they come from an abusing household (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 179). Violence breeds violence. Therefore, multiple murderers see the same hostility and unloving attitude as they have experienced in their families in their childhood. â€Å"With this expectation of abuse and distrust comes emotional isolation, which manifests itself in the forms of being emotionally flat and failing to feel empathy for others† (p. 179). As a result, being very lonely and isolated, the serial killers believe that they can restore their psychological balance through exerting power. In their case, it can be done through serial killing. The researchers ruled out the tornado effect that begins as a feeling of powerlessness in the face of humiliation and abuse experienced in their childhood. It accumulates into rage and anger which breed violent thoughts and fantasies. When another act of humiliation and powerlessness happens a next bout of more violent fantasies follows. After that usually the female multiple murderers begin to take it on small animals and later on children. The next step can be murder (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 192). In addition, the feeling of inadequacy and anger is intensified by their inability to express themselves. There is evidence that the female offenders often suffer from verbal difficulties. â€Å"Much like male offenders, this leads to increased levels of isolation and anger, which in turn becomes suppressed aggression† (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 124). When being children they had troubles in recognizing and describing their emotions, both written and verbal. Apart from a lack of education, the reason for it may be the detachment from other people. Not having close relationship with parents or siblings and being isolated from their peers, due to difficulties in communication and feeling different, such children shut down emotionally (p. 125). It can contribute to all other factors that constitute a profile of a serial killer. Primarily, it is up to the society to turn their gaze to the problem of the female multiple murders. Very often public opinion is not ready to accept and, therefore, to punish the female offender. So strong is the belief in caring capacities of women and their inability to act so atrociously. If it concerns a one-time murder we can believe that a woman could be driven to despair by an abusive father or a partner but to assume that a woman could kill her children, one a year, it is beyond our comprehension and, hence, impossible. Schurman-Kauflin mentions the case of the 72-year-old Maria Noe from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who received probation after confessing the murder of her eight children (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 13). Her advanced age and her gender influenced the jurors not to put her to prison. However, it is nothing else than a serial killer and it deserves to be judged with all severity. The method of choosing a victim among people in direct care and the geographical proximity of murder cases in close vicinity make the female serial killer extremely dangerous. You never know who will be her next prey: your neighbor, your child, or even you. The detectives, criminologists, and other related experts polish their profiling skills. Even if through profiling a criminal cannot be indicated at once, the results of the research demonstrate commonalities in the backgrounds and behavioral patterns of assailants (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 213). Therefore, it narrows a search. Those who want to help in apprehending serial killers and, for example, to become a profiler, first of all, need to extensively study the multiple murders and its motivation. Without understanding the psychology of a serial killer and his or her background it would be impossible to track them. With proper academic training (Ph.D. or a Master’s Degree in Criminal Justice, Psychology, or Sociology) and homicide investigative experience, a good profiler should have first-hand experience with serial killers; otherwise, there can be blank spaces in the understanding of their motivation (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 218). Not all multiple murderers are eager to allow to dig into their heads and research the subject of their crimes. Especially female convicts are rather reticent concerning their background and what their reasons for killing were (p. 95). Some may think that so many efforts are excessive in the era of computers. However, in the case of studying human psyche, no machine can outdo an intelligent individual. Until today, computer profiling served as to point in the right direction rather than as a reliable source of exact information (Schurman-Kauflin, 2000, p. 219). Apart from difficulties to systemize all relevant information, computers simply do not have intuition which is very helpful when working with people. â€Å"A good profiler gives direction, elucidates difficult subjects, predicts behavior, aids in investigative techniques, provides interview suggestions, and helps in court situations† (p. 218). Besides the work of professional experts, each of us can armor oneself against becoming a potential victim. It is obligatory for everyone to educate oneself what we can do to protect ourselves. Questions to check the understanding of the material provided 1. Are the serial killers mentally insane? 2. What is an average portrait of a serial killer? 3. How female serial killers chose their victims? 4. What is the tornado effect? 5. What was the most startling information you learned from reading the magazine?

Taliban Decrees and Prohibitions Against Women

Taliban Decrees and Prohibitions Against Women Immediately on taking over cities and communities in Afghanistan, the Taliban imposed its law, based on an interpretation of Sharia  or Islamic  law that was stricter than in any part of the Islamic world. The interpretation is at wide variance from that of most Islamic scholars. With very minimal changes, what follows are the Taliban rules, decrees, and prohibitions as posted in Kabul and elsewhere in Afghanistan beginning in November and December 1996, and as translated from Dari by Western non-governmental agencies. The grammar and syntax ​follows the original. Those rules still prevail wherever the Taliban is in control – in vast parts of Afghanistan or in Pakistans Federally Administered Tribal Areas. On Women and Families Decree announced by the General Presidency of Amr Bil Maruf and Nai As Munkar (Taliban Religious Police), Kabul, November 1996. Women you should not step outside your residence. If you go outside the house you should not be like women who used to go with fashionable clothes wearing much cosmetics and appearing in front of every men before the coming of Islam.Islam as a rescuing religion has determined specific dignity for women, Islam has valuable instructions for women. Women should not create such opportunity to attract the attention of useless people who will not look at them with a good eye. Women have the responsibility as a teacher or coordinator for her family. Husband, brother, father have the responsibility for providing the family with the necessary life requirements (food, clothes etc). In case women are required to go outside the residence for the purposes of education, social needs or social services they should cover themselves in accordance with Islamic Sharia regulation. If women are going outside with fashionable, ornamental, tight and charming clothes to show themselves, they will be cursed by the Islamic Sharia and should never expect to go to heaven.All family elders and every Muslim have responsibility in this respect. We request all family elders to keep tight control over their families and avoid these social problems. Otherwise these women will be threatened, investigated and severely punished as well as the family elders by the forces of the Religious Police (Munkrat).The Religious Police have the responsibility and duty to struggle against these social problems and will continue their effort until evil is finished. Hospital Rules and Prohibitions Rules of work for the State Hospitals and private clinics based on Islamic Sharia principles. Ministry of Health, on behalf of Amir ul Momineet Mohammed Omar. Kabul, November 1996. 1. Female patients should go to female physicians. In case a male physician is needed, the female patient should be accompanied by her close relative.2. During examination, the female patients and male physicians both will be dressed with Islamic .3. Male physicians should not touch or see the other parts of female patients except for the affected part.4. Waiting room for female patients should be safely covered.5. The person who regulates turn for female patients should be a woman.6. During the night duty, in what rooms which female patients are hospitalized, the male doctor without the call of the patient is not allowed to enter the room.7. Sitting and speaking between male and female doctors are not allowed. If there be need for discussion, it should be done with hijab.8. Female doctors should wear simple clothes, they are not allowed stylish clothes or use of cosmetics or make-up.9. Female doctors and nurses are not allowed to enter the rooms where male patients are hospitalized. 10. Hospital staff should pray in mosques on time.11. The Religious Police are allowed to go for control at any time and nobody can prevent them.Anybody who violates the order will be punished as per Islamic regulations. General Rules and Prohibitions General Presidency of Amr Bil Maruf. Kabul, December 1996. 1. To prevent sedition and female uncovers (Be Hejabi). No drivers allowed to pick up women who are using Iranian burqa. In case of violation the driver will be imprisoned. If such kind of female are observed in the street their house will be found and their husband punished. If the women use stimulating and attractive cloth and there is no accompany of close male relative with them, the drivers should not pick them up.2. To prevent music. To be broadcasted by the public information resources. In shops, hotels, vehicles and rickshaws cassettes and music are prohibited. This matter should be monitored within five days. If any music cassette found in a shop, the shopkeeper should be imprisoned and the shop locked. If five people guarantee the shop should be opened the criminal released later. If cassette found in the vehicle, the vehicle and the driver will be imprisoned. If five people guarantee the vehicle will be released and the criminal released later.3. To prevent beard shaving a nd its cutting. After one and a half months, if anyone is observed who has shaved and/or cut his beard, they should be arrested and imprisoned until their beard gets bushy.4. To prevent keeping pigeons and playing with birds. Within ten days this habit/hobby should stop. After ten days this should be monitored and the pigeons and any other playing birds should be killed.5. To prevent kite-flying. The kite shops in the city should be abolished.6. To prevent idolatry. In vehicles, shops, hotels, room and any other places, pictures and portraits should be abolished. The monitors should tear up all pictures in the above places.7. To prevent gambling. In collaboration with the security police the main centers should be found and the gamblers imprisoned for one month.8. To eradicate the use of narcotics. Addicts should be imprisoned and investigation made to find the supplier and the shop. The shop should be locked and the owner and user should be imprisoned and punished.9. To prevent the British and American hairstyle. People with long hair should be arrested and taken to the Religious Police department to shave their hair. The criminal has to pay the barber.10. To prevent interest on loans, charge on changing small denomination notes and charge on money orders. All money exchangers should be informed that the above three types of exchanging the money should be prohibited. In case of violation criminals will be imprisoned for a long time.11. To prevent washing cloth by young ladies along the water streams in the city. Violator ladies should be picked up with respectful Islamic manner, taken to their houses and their husbands severely punished.12. To prevent music and dances in wedding parties. In the case of violation the head of the family will be arrested and punished.13. To prevent the playing of music drum. The prohibition of this should be announced. If anybody does this then the religious elders can decide about it.14. To prevent sewing ladies cloth and takin g female body measures by tailor. If women or fashion magazines are seen in the shop the tailor should be imprisoned.15. To prevent sorcery. All the related books should be burnt and the magician should be imprisoned until his repentance.16. To prevent not praying and order gathering pray at the bazaar. Prayer should be done  on  their due times in all districts. Transportation should be strictly prohibited and all people are obliged to go to the mosque. If young people are seen in the shops they will be immediately imprisoned.9. To prevent the British and American hairstyle. People with long hair should be arrested and taken to the Religious Police department to shave their hair. The criminal has to pay the barber.10. To prevent interest on loans, charge on changing small denomination notes and charge on money orders. All money exchangers should be informed that the above three types of exchanging the money should be prohibited. In case of violation criminals will be imprisoned for a long time.11. To prevent washing cloth by young ladies along the water streams in the city. Violator ladies should be picked up with respectful Islamic manner, taken to their houses and their husbands severely punished.12. To prevent music and dances in wedding parties. In the case of violation the head of the family will be arrested and punished.13. To prevent the playing of music drum. The prohibition of this should be announced. If anybody does this then the religious elders can decide about it.14. To prevent sewing ladies cloth and taking female body measures by tailor. If women or fashion magazines are seen in the shop the tailor should be imprisoned.15. To prevent sorcery. All the related books should be burnt and the magician should be imprisoned until his repentance.16. To prevent not praying and order gathering pray at the bazaar. Prayer should be done on their due times in all districts. Transportation should be strictly prohibited and all people are obliged to go t o the mosque. If young people are seen in the shops they will be immediately imprisoned.

What is meant by the phrase classical contract law To what extent are Essay

What is meant by the phrase classical contract law To what extent are such ideas still relevant in contemporary contractual relations - Essay Example This ranges from the independence of contracts to the bargaining powers through to the formal elements of contracts. We do this examination by looking at various debates and dominant ideas and conceptions as they play out in academia and in practice. The inherent advantage of using the classical model to analyse contracts is one that cannot be overlooked. This is because it makes it easier and more convenient to define the parties of contracts and their expectations. This promotes justice. However, the whole idea has been challenged through the dynamism of the post-world war society. This has led to some important modifications and this is what the paper seeks to examine in-depth through the proposed objectives. The balance between the traditionalist and modern positions on the subject are brought to bear in this paper. Holmes states that law uses deductive systems through which logic can be induced and applied to examine things in a fair manner1. In other words the science of law in itself requires the establishment of frameworks and parameters within which issues and matters can be evaluated justly and deductions made. This is the essence of law. This idea is described as the axiomatic of law by Eisenberg. The classical school of thought used the principle logic and deduction to draw frameworks for different branches of law2. This way, they played a crucial role in setting up a system of justice which ensured that cases were separated into the most appropriate classes and dealt with according to the right principles and the application of correct jurisprudence. Classical contract law developed between the mid-19th Century through to the first part of the 20th Century3. It laid down a framework which defined an airtight genre known as contract law which was strictly adhered to in that era during cases involving contract. Classical Contract Law contained three main elements: